on
- The Payback percentage is the overall percentage that a machine will return to the player through the lifetime of the machine. Payback percentages are programmed into the machines computer chip and are set by the manufacturer based on the specifications set by the casino.
- If you play the $40 again and end up with a total of $49, then the payback percentage for both sessions is (40 + 49) / (50 + 40) or 89 / 90 = 98.8%. If you continue playing, the odds preset by the casino in the slot machine will start to become noticeable. Eventually you will get the 92% payback percentage. That is how casino payback percentage works.
Please remember not all gaming areas are required to supply payout reports. The percentages below represent video poker, keno and slots, with machines of all denominations. Casino / City - State. Slot Payout% to Player. Slots and Payback Percentage. By John Grochowski on Wednesday May 10, 2017. Betting-strategy, casino, casino-games, casinos, gaming-strategy, gaming-tips, payout, slot-machines, slots. Every month, the Mississippi Gaming Commission publishes statistical reports that tell us, among other things, how much slot machines are paying back to players.
Some people might want to know how to find the payout percentage on a slot machine. Sadly, it’s not something that’s printed on most games — at least not here in the United States.
This post is for them.
Understanding this topic involves some rudimentary understanding of probability as it relates to casino gambling. You’ll need to understand three separate concepts thoroughly:
- Payback percentage
- House edge
- Return to player
This post explains each of those in enough detail that even a beginner should understand what they mean.
Some Basic Facts Related to Probability, the House Edge, Payback Percentage, and Return to Player
Probability is the branch of mathematics that deals with how likely an event is to happen. If you want to measure how likely you are to win a jackpot on a slot machine, probability is the way to figure that out.
But the word also refers directly to that likelihood.
In other words, if I say the probability of getting heads when I flip a coin is 50%, I’m not talking about that branch of mathematics. I’m talking about the actual statistical likelihood of that event.
Indiana Casino Payback Percentages
You should understand a few things about probability in general.
Probability is always a number between 0 and 1. An event with a probability of 0 will never happen, and an event with a probability of 1 will always happen. The closer to 1 the probability is, the more likely the event is to happen.
Probability can be expressed multiple ways. It can be expressed as a fraction, a decimal, a percentage, or as odds. The probability of getting heads on a coin flip can be expressed as 1/2, 0.5, 50%, or 1 to 1.
An event’s probability is the number of ways it can happen divided by the total number of possible outcomes. When you’re discussing a coin toss, you have two possible outcomes. Only one of those is heads. That makes the probability 1/2.
The probability that an event will occur added to the probability that an event won’t occur always equals 1. Therefore, if you know the probability that something will happen, you also automatically know the probability that it won’t happen, and vice versa.
The house edge is a statistical measure of how much the house expects to win (on average, over the long run) from every bet you make on a game. The house edge is a theoretical number that accounts for the probability of winning versus the probability of losing AND the payout if you win.
All casino games carry a house edge. In the short run, it doesn’t matter much, but in the long run, it’s the most important thing.
If I say a game has a house edge of 4%, this means that over time, you should average a loss of $4 for every $100 you bet on the game. This is a long run statistical average, though. In the short run, you’re unlikely to see results that mirror the house edge.
The return to player and the payback percentage are the same thing. Some writers use one to refer to the statistical expectation and the other to refer to the actual results, but most writers use these terms interchangeably.
The payback percentage added to the house edge always equals 100%. The payback percentage is the amount of each bet that you get back, and the house edge is the amount of each bet that the casino wins. Again, these numbers are on average over the long run.
A game with a 4% house edge has a 96% payback percentage.
In the United States, slot machine payback percentages are impossible to calculate and not posted on gambling machines. To calculate the house edge or the payback percentage for a casino game, you need two pieces of data:
- The probability of winning
- The amount of money you’ll win (the payoff)
Slot machines include their payouts on their pay tables, but they don’t include the probability of achieving any of the winning outcomes.
In some countries, the payback percentage is posted on the machines, but not in the United States.
To make things even worse for a slot machine player, the random number generator program can be set differently even if the slot machine is identical to the one next to it. You could be playing The Big Lebowski slots at Choctaw Casino in Durant, Oklahoma, and your buddy could be playing the identical machine right next to you.
The payback percentage on his machine might be 94%, and the payback percentage on your machine might only be 88%.
The difference comes from how the probabilities are weighted for each symbol. On one game, the bars might show up 1/4 of the time, but on the next, they might only come up 1/8 of the time.
This has an obvious effect on the payback percentage.
The payback percentage would be easy to calculate if you knew the probabilities. The payback percentage is just the total expected value of all the possible outcomes on the machine.
Let’s assume you have 1000 possible reel combinations. Let’s also assume that if you got each of those in order, from 1 to 1000, you’d win 900 coins.
The payback percentage for that game would be 90%.
You’d put 1000 coins in, and you’d have 900 coins left after a statistically perfect sampling of 1000 spins.
If you knew the payback percentage and house edge for a slot machine game, you could predict your theoretical cost of playing that game per hour in the long run. You’d only need to multiply the numbers of bets you made per hour by the size of those bets. Then you’d multiply that by the house edge to get your predicted loss.
Most slots players make 600 spins per hour. Let’s assume you’re playing on a dollar machine and betting three coins on every spin, or $3 per spin. You’re putting $1,800 per hour into action.
If the slot machine had a 90% payback percentage, you’d lose $180 per hour on that machine. You’d have $1,800 at the start of the hour and $1,620 at the end of the hour — assuming you saw statistically predicted results.
In the real world, though, where you’d be seeing short-term results, you’d see some hours where you won and some hours where you lost. If you played long enough, the Law of Large Numbers would ensure that you’d eventually see the statistically predicted results.
This is how the casinos make their money. In the short run, you’ll win some of the time. That will keep you playing.
But in the long run, the math will ensure that the casino will win a net profit.
How You Could Calculate a Payback Percentage Based on Actual Results
Of course, you have some data that you can directly observe when you’re playing slot machines.
But tracking this data and calculating the payback percentage on a specific session can add to your enjoyment of any slot machine game. It can make you more mindful because you’ll be paying more attention to what’s happening.
Here’s how to do it.
Start by tracking how many spins you’re making per hour. This is easy to do, but it takes more effort than you might think. It might help to get one of those clicky things people use to count stuff with. You will probably also need a stopwatch of some kind. I just use the timer function on my phone.
Make a note (mental is fine) of how much you’re betting per spin. It helps to bet the same amount.
Also note how much money you started with so that you can calculate how much you’ve won or lost. The slot machine will convert your money into credits. The easiest thing to do is to keep up with how many credits you had at the beginning of the session and again at the end of the session.
Now, let’s do the math using a hypothetical 45-minute session.
I made 300 spins in 45 minutes. I was betting $3 per spin, and I started with $600.
After my playing session, I had $500 left. At times I was up, and at times I was down.
But my net loss was $100. (My starting bankroll was $600, and I finished with $500.)
Over 300 spins, that means I lost an average per spin of 33 cents. $100 in losses divided by 300 spins is 33.33 cents per spin.
How much was I betting per spin?
Since I was playing a $1 machine, and my max bet was three coins, I was risking $3 per spin.
33 cents is 11% of $3, which means my actual loss was 11%. The machine paid back 89% for the session.
Does this mean that the payback percentage for the machine is 89%?
Probably not.
In the scheme of things, 450 spins is a small sample size. To have any confidence in your statistics, you really need to have at least 5,000 spins under your belt.
Even then, depending on how volatile the game is, your actual results might be wildly different from the mathematically expected payback percentage.
Here’s another example that will prove that point.
My friend Leo went to the Winstar last weekend and played the $5 slots. He started with $3,000, and when he left, he had $4,800, which means he had an $1,800 profit for the day.
He played for seven hours.
I’ve watched Leo play. He’s slow, but not much slower than average. He makes about 500 spins per hour.
This means that he made about 3,500 spins.
$1,800 in winnings divided by 3,500 spins is an average win of 51 cents per spin.
Since he was betting $5 per spin, his return was 10.3%.
His actual return for the trip on that slot machine was 110.3%.
I have friends who design slot machines for a living — more than one, in fact. They’ll be happy to tell anyone who asks that the algorithm is never set up to have a payback percentage of more than 100%.
![Casino payback percentages Casino payback percentages](/uploads/1/3/8/5/138542209/356095363.jpg)
What About the Casinos That Advertise a Specific Payback Percentage?
Some casinos advertise a specific payback percentage. This is almost always stated as an “up to” number.
So you might see an ad for a casino that says, “Payback percentages up to 98%!”
They’re almost certainly telling the truth, too. They probably have one slot machine in their casino that has a payback percentage of 98%. Of course, it isn’t labeled, so you don’t know which one it is.
And in the short run, which is what you’re going to be playing in as an individual gambler, there’s not much difference between a 98% payback percentage and a 92% payback percentage. You could walk away a winner or a loser at either setting.
Also, keep in mind that the games aren’t designed to tighten up after a win and loosen up after a lot of losing spins. That’s not how it works at all.
The machines are designed to allow you to win a certain specific percentage of the time because of the probability. Then there’s an average amount that you’ll win based on the payout for the specific combination of symbols that you hit.
But every spin of the reels on a slot machine is an independent event. You can hit a jackpot on a spin, and your probability of hitting the jackpot on the next spin hasn’t changed at all.
What About the Denominations and Location Reports I See Advertised on the Internet?
You’ll find websites like Strictly Slots and American Casino Guide which post payback percentages for specific denominations and specific casinos. These are AVERAGES.
These averages have little bearing on the machine that you’re sitting in front of.
For example,
you might be looking at a casino that reports an average payback percentage of 94% on its dollar slot machines. That casino might have half their machines paying off at 90% and the other half paying off at 98%.
you might be looking at a casino that reports an average payback percentage of 94% on its dollar slot machines. That casino might have half their machines paying off at 90% and the other half paying off at 98%.
And you won’t be able to differentiate between the two because the hit ratio might be the same from one of those machines to another.
What Do Hit Ratio and Volatility Have to Do With It?
Slot Machine Payback Percentages
The hit ratio is the percentage of time that you can expect to hit a winning combination on a slot machine. Something like 30% isn’t unusual, but it can vary 10% or more in either direction. The casinos want you to a hit a winning combination often enough that you won’t lose interest in playing the game.
But hit ratio is only part of the equation. The average size of the prize amounts is also important. Volatility takes this into account. A game that hits less often but has higher average prize amounts might have the same payback percentage as a game that hits more often but with lower payouts.
Either way, in the short run, it will be all but impossible to discover this number, too.
If you wanted to, you could track how many spins resulted in wins for you and calculate the percentage, but you’re facing the same obstacle you are with the overall payback percentage of the machine.
You just don’t know what it’s programmed to accomplish in the long run.
Online Slot Machines
Some online casinos post the payback percentages for their slot machine games. I think this information is of limited use, but I also think it’s fairer to the gambler than not providing them with that information.
After all, table games are transparent. You can calculate the house edge for any casino table game there is because they all use random number generators with known quantities — cards, dice, and wheels.
Iowa Casino Payback Percentages
![Iowa casino payback percentages Iowa casino payback percentages](/uploads/1/3/8/5/138542209/921377667.png)
There’s been a push to label food, both at the grocery store and at restaurants, with nutritional information that includes caloric amounts.
Requiring casinos to provide similar information about their gambling machines only makes sense.
We’ll see if it ever happens, though.
Conclusion
You can’t find the payout percentage on a slot machine — at least not in the United States.
I’ve heard that you can get this information on slot machines in Europe, but I’ve never seen an actual photograph of this kind of labeling.
You can, though, have some fun calculating actual payback percentages in the short run. This at least gives you something to keep track of while you’re playing slots, which is honestly one of the more mindless activities in the casino.
Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus.I’ve heard that you can get this information on slot machines in Europe, but I’ve never seen an actual photograph of this kind of labeling.
You can, though, have some fun calculating actual payback percentages in the short run. This at least gives you something to keep track of while you’re playing slots, which is honestly one of the more mindless activities in the casino.
Casino Payback Percentages By Casino
Slot game payback or payout percentage is commonly called the slots Return to Player (RTP) and is the overall percentage that a casino slot machine or game will return to the player either during a playing session or over the life of the slot machine, whether it's a land casino slot or an online casino slot. Hold percentage is the amount kept by the casino or the casino profit. The RTP can be measured by the formula Amount Returned to Player / Amount Wagered by Player.
When it comes to land casino slots, there are many factors that are taken into consideration before the slots hit the casino floor. In the USA location, competition, profit and state regulations can affect how and why a slot machine end ups with a certain payback percentage.
When land casinos purchase slot machines from the manufacturer, they order the slots with a set payback percentage. Similarly Online Casinos license the game software with a set payback percentage. Many Las Vegas casinos offer slot payback percentages in the 98% range while state operated and tribal casinos are in the 92% or lower range.
Today slots run on a network. Visit a land casino in the early morning hours and you can see banks of slot machines disabled while the slot techs swap out the cash boxes.
Years ago to change the RTP the slot would have to be opened and a new computer chip containing the RTP algorithm installed. However, back in 2006 some land casinos were experimenting with updating the slots payback percentage directly via a simple download from the network computer. Most likely that is how its done these days.
Many gamblers play online slots as they offer a higher slot pay back than most land casinos. Land-based casinos offer payout percentages in the range of 87% to 92% with some highly competitive areas like Las Vegas offer slots with a 98% payback.
Some of higher pay out slots are the video bonus slots available at Slots Village Casino and for classic or traditional slots Slotland Casino.
Many slot players believe it is the slot machines Random Number Generator (RNG) that determines the payback percentage, however this is incorrect, it is the reels or reel strips that determine payback percentage. The RNG just determines which combination of symbols the spin will stop on. Change the number of times a symbol appears on a reel and you've changed the slot machines payback percentage.
When a casino wants to change the payback percentage of a slot machine they change the reels or in the case of video bonus slots, the virtual reels.
Land slot machine manufacturers send their RNG algorithm to an independent lab for testing before releasing the machines to the casinos. Similarly the software makers of online casino games do as well.
The Random Number Generator (RNG) algorithm used in our recommended Real Time Gaming Casinos and recommended Playtech Casinos is tested for fairness and randomness by Technical Systems Testing. |
Technical Systems Testing (TST), is an internationally recognized accredited testing facility. Some of their clients include International Game Technology (IGT), Aristocrat, Mikohn and the Massachusetts, Michigan and Ontario Lotteries. In 2010 TST became part of Gaming Laboratories International (GLI).
Both online and land based casinos record every coin in, won and cashed out of a slot machine. Sometimes the casino floor technician needs to remove a jammed bill and the audit slip will print out. The audit slip shows the grand totals for the coins in, coins won and coins cashed out. By crunching these numbers you can get a good idea of the long-term payback percentage. However, this information is readily available if you know where to look for it.
Trusted online and land casinos hire or staff independent auditors to review this information monthly. For example Foxwoods Resort Casino publishes slot handle payback information in their array of Media Relations Press Releases and Mohegan Sun publishes Slot Machine Statistical Reports on their Investor Relations page.
Microgaming is one of the largest online casino game manufacturers and contracts the non-profit organization eCOGRA. (eCommerce and Online Gaming Regulation and Assurance) to review and certify their casino payback percentages. | |
eCOGRA is the independent standards authority for the online gaming industry. eCOGRA helps players identify online casino and poker sites that are safe, fair and responsible. | |
What does the eCOGRA Seal mean?The Play It Safe Seal is awarded to operators that fully comply with eCOGRA's strict standards for player protection, fair gaming and responsible operator conduct. Sites and their player policies are checked and rechecked on an ongoing basis to ensure their compliance with these standards, as well as your safety online. The Seal has become a homepage symbol of documented, objective, fair play. | |
All our Recommended Microgaming Casinos display eCOGRA Seal of Approval on the bottom of their web sites. When you click on the icon you can see the certified monthly audit reports for their casino and individual game line up. |
Although playing a slot machine with the highest pay back percentage is recommended, it is not because you'll necessarily win more playing it, it is because it will eat through less of your bankroll, which in turn will give you more spins. By getting more spins out of a machine you'll increase the likelihood of hitting more winning combinations and perhaps walk away a winner.
To find out the payout percentage of the casinos listed on the Winning at the Slots site visit our Casino Downloads. Choose bonuses $£€, play flash casino, see payout %, latest promotions or install!!
Check out the Online Casino Slot Game Reviews and find more slot advice in our Slot Articles.